Buyer's Options as to Salvage of Rightfully Rejected Goods. A civil marriage, so far as its validity in law is concerned, is a civil contract between two persons, to which the consent of the parties, capable in law of contracting, is essential. Gun battles broke out near the airport and a UN base forcing the airport to close for safety reasons. I. [185]The government's National Security Service in July 2014 signed a contract worth US$264 million with a Seychelles-based shell company to buy 50,000 AK-47s, 20 million bullets and 30 tanks. 287). According to the IMF in October 2017, real income had halved since 2013 and inflation was more than 300% per annum. [277], The United States put additional pressure on Juba by successfully passing an arms embargo on South Sudan in July 2018 through UN Security Council, following a 2016 failure, with Russia and China abstaining from voting this time. [351], During the first two days of fighting after 15 December, reports indicated that 66 soldiers had been killed in clashes in Juba,[352][353][354] and at least 800 injured. [65] This makes it the world's third-largest refugee population after Syria and Afghanistan. [23], In the past, couples entered into premarital agreements with a level of uncertainty about their validity. When Dinka cattle herders, allegedly backed by the SPLA, occupied farmland, Azande youth rose up into militias mostly with the Arrow Boys,[203] whose leader Alfred Karaba Futiyo Onyang declared allegiance to SPLM-IO[204] and claimed to have occupied parts of Western Equatoria. In Judaism, the ketubah, a prenuptial contract, has long been established as an integral part of the Jewish marriage, and is signed and read aloud at the marriage ceremony. Premarital Agreement Act", "NJSA Sec. Or, if you haven't signed the agreement, you can handwrite the change into the contract. Under the civil FCA, no specific intent to defraud is required. In fact, they are the ones rampaging Juba, looting and shooting to kill any Nuer in the residential neighbourhoods. [11], The prenuptial agreement in Thailand is concluded by mutual consent of the man and woman who want to marry. That was perhaps unsurprising as one of the Judges in Radmacher (Lord Collins) also sat in Hong Kong as an NPJ. There must be a bargained for exchange of promises, meaning that something of value must be given in return for a promise (called "consideration"). Are you a legal professional? The International Crisis Group (ICG) also reported that Machar's house had been bombarded and "surrounded, including with tanks", while "parts of Juba have been reduced to rubble". Seller's Stoppage of Delivery in Transit or Otherwise. 2-507. [69] Between 2006 and 2009, sales of oil brought in an annual average of US$2.1 billion to the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region. By the end of 2017, SSPA had claimed to have captured territory around Aweil[61] and was seen as one of the biggest threats to Juba. Duty station Beirut, Lebanon. It is used as a preliminary evidence of fulfilment of the exclusion and eligibility criteria required in EU public procurement procedures. On 24 December, an estimated 400 defectors moved southwards from Jaw, the SPLA's northernmost operating base towards positions held by SPLA forces loyal to Koang Chuol. Duration 12 months initially with possibility to extend. In a smaller business, it might be one of the owners; in a larger organization it might be a chief executive officer or chief operating officer. 2-312. OIG is legally required to exclude from participation in all Federal health care programs individuals and entities convicted of the following types of criminal offenses: (1) Medicare or Medicaid fraud, as well as any other offenses related to the delivery of items or services under Medicare or Medicaid; (2) patient abuse or neglect; (3) felony convictions for other health-care-related fraud, theft, or other financial misconduct; and (4) felony convictions for unlawful manufacture, distribution, prescription, or dispensing of controlled substances. [citation needed], In Lutheran Christianity, The Lutheran Handbook on Marriage stipulates: "Consider a prenuptial agreement, which helps you identify the value of gifts and inheritances you receive, protects you from your partner's pre-marriage debt, and ensures that children from a prior marriage receive. Swaka formed a new rebel group called the National Salvation Front (NAS) in March 2017. 2-302. Unconscionable contract or Clause. The agreement can act as a contract to make a will requiring one spouse to provide for the other at death. The Dept. The tenderers no longer have to provide full documentary evidence and different 2-402. The contract thus binds the contractor to construct the works as defined, and the employer to pay for them in the manner and timing set out. Junior Engineer (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Quantity Surveying & Contracts) Examination, 2022. On 20 October 2015, Uganda announced that it will voluntarily withdraw its soldiers from South Sudan, in accordance to that peace agreement. [199] The British journalist Peter Martell wrote the war had started out as a conflict within the elite over control of the oil revenue, but had "evolved into anarchy, opportunism, and revenge" as the violence had acquired a momentum of its own with multiple clan leaders raising their own militias to battle over control of the cattle herds and land, struggles fought with little reference to either Kiir or Machar. ", "South Sudan on verge of civil war, death toll rises", "South Sudan's president sacks army chief", "South Sudan rebel leader sets out conditions for talks", "South Sudan: the state that fell apart in a week", "Another S Sudanese rebel commander killed near Sudan border", "Major role for Ugandan army in South Sudan 'until the country is stable', "Pride and reverence reign as UNMISS celebrates International Day of UN Peacekeepers in South Sudan", "South Sudan's army advances on rebels in Bentiu and Bor", "South Sudan rebels claim 700 government troops defect", "South Sudan army advances on rebel towns before peace talks", "Thousands of Machar-led fighters "defect" to new rebel group", "South Sudan army denies rebel capture of military base in Aweil", "South Sudan's military casualties top 20,000", "South Sudan President Salva Kiir hits out at UN", "South Sudan rebels split, reject peace efforts", "Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war", "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General", "4 Kenyans dead as South Sudan evacuation ends", "South Sudan's Newest War: When Two Old Men Divide a Nation", "New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan", "South Sudan opposition head Riek Machar denies coup bid", "Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels", "South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president", "South Sudan's Riek Machar in Khartoum for medical care", "Top rebel commander killed in clashes in Upper Nile", "Rebel group claims capture of two areas in Northern Bahr al Ghazal", "South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again", "South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal", "South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial", "A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war", "Starvation threat numbers soar in South Sudan", "South Sudan declares famine in Unity State", "As South Sudan implodes, America reconsiders its support for the regime", "Militant Faction Vows Again to Fight S. Sudan Government", "Kiir appoints new head of South Sudan police", "South Sudan president retires over 100 army generals", "Analysis: Struggle for power in South Sudan", "South Sudan violence spreads from capital", "S Sudan president says coup attempt 'foiled', "Heavy gunfire rocks South Sudan capital", "S. Sudan's SPLM confirms dissolution of all structures", "How Genocide Became a National Security Threat", "United Nations Urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack", "Incidents of intercommunal violence in Jonglei state", "Why hundreds of people are dying over cattle in East Africa", "Central Africa crisis: Cherchez La France", "Witnesses describe atrocities in South Sudan", "Peter Adwok: 'President's order to disarm Nuer guards caused mutiny and chaos in South Sudan', "BBC News South Sudan: Nyaba tells of Juba 'house arrest', "South Sudan quashes coup attempt, says President Kiir", "Gunshots ring out in South Sudan capital after 'attempted coup', "Nine questions about the South Sudan crisis: A guide for confused observers", "South Sudan clashes: 'Dozens of soldiers killed' in Juba", "Thousands killed as South Sudan slides toward civil war: UN", "Parliament chief whip announces support for Kiir", "Sudan: Pro-SPLM Youth Group Condemns 'Coup Attempt', "S Sudan loses control of key oil-rich city", "South Sudan's Machar speaks to Al Jazeera", https://web.archive.org/web/20140227150658/http://chimpreports.com/index.php/regional-news/s-sudan/16908-spla-surround-un-base-in-juba.html, "Indian peacekeepers prevented more casualties in S Sudan: UN official", "Peacekeepers killed at South Sudan UN base", "Oil workers at South Sudan UN base expected to be evacuated: UN", "U.S. military aircraft hit in South Sudan", "Ugandan troops deployed in South Sudan capital: report", "Military rapid reaction forces at work in Africa crises", "US military aircraft hit in South Sudan", "S Sudan army says strikes on rebels imminent", "Kenyan citizens flee South Sudan fighting", "US envoy says S Sudan president open to talks", "Three killed in Bor as Juba fighting spreads", "South Sudan army loses control of flashpoint town RT News", "South Sudan rebels take flashpoint town", "South Sudan president says government troops retake key town", "SPLA claims victory in Bor; most of Gadet's troops leave town", "Machar says Ugandan jet bombed S. Sudan rebel positions", "S Sudan says army has retaken rebel-held city", "South Sudan fighting spreads to ten more neighbouring states: UN", "South Sudan says battling 'White Army' near flashpoint town", "South Sudan rebels control part of key town of Bor", "South Sudan rebels seize key town of Bor", "Ethiopia mediates S. Sudan conflict amid fighting", "gunfire-juba-as-direct-s-sudan-talks-begin", "South Sudan battles rage on, peace talks flounder", "UN warns South Sudan over alleged crimes against humanity", "South Sudan says fighting rebels in oil state Upper Niles capital", "S. Sudan's Kiir gets regional backing, army says wins back oil town", "Civilian shot dead at UNMISS base in Malakal", "Dozens wounded in S. Sudan battles near UN camp", "South Sudan: 200 Die Fleeing Fighting as Boat Sinks", "South Sudan Nile ferry sinks with more than 200 dead", "South Sudan battles rage as conflict enters second month", "United Nations News Centre South Sudan: amid fresh clashes in Malakal, UN mission ramps up civilian protection", "South Sudan: General Declares Himself Governor of Oil State", "Defected Unity state army commander forms new interim administration", "Mayom: 'Ghost town, burnt down, many bodies', "BBC News South Sudan's army advances on rebels in Bentiu and Bor", "South Sudan factions arrive for peace talks in Ethiopia", "Key South Sudan town of Bor recaptured from rebels", "South Sudan army reclaims control of key oil town of Malakal", "Tragedy averted: On Uganda's involvement in S Sudan Opinion", "Ethiopia warns of "regional conflict", calls for withdrawal of foreign troops from S. Sudan Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan", "Uganda admits combat role in South Sudan", "Uganda Denies Troops Supporting South Sudan Leader", "South Sudan, rebels reach cease-fire after weeks of fighting", "South Sudan fighting despite cease-fire", "Government retakes Machar's hometown, say South Sudan rebels", "South Sudan peace talks postponed: officials", "Fresh fighting breaks out in South Sudan", "S. Sudan admits to tactical withdrawal in Malakal", "South Sudan Government Forces Say Malakal Recaptured", "South Sudan conflict: Pro-Machar forces 'seize' Bentiu", "South Sudan army battles rebels in worsening war", "South Sudan rebels deny Bentiu slaughter accusation", "South Sudan President Salva Kiir sacks army chief", "Real but Fragile:The Greater Pibor Administrative Area", "Ethiopia attack: 'I took my wife and child and ran', "South Sudan rivals Kiir and Machar agree peace deal", "South Sudan ceasefire violated, rebels and government say", South Sudan Peace Talks Reach Apparent Breakthrough, S Sudan's warring sides boycott peace talks, South Sudan: AUPSC Condemns Violation of South Sudan's Ceasefire Deal, "Is South Sudan's latest peace accord the real deal? Practice Management. 5. A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement (commonly referred to as a prenup), is a written contract entered into by a couple prior to marriage or a civil union that enables them to select and control many of the legal rights they acquire upon marrying, and what happens when their marriage eventually ends by death or divorce. It has been hypothesized that option contracts could help allow free market roads to be constructed without resorting to eminent domain, as the road company could make option contracts with many landowners, and eventually consummate the purchase of parcels comprising the contiguous route needed to build the road. [69] A system emerged during the autonomous period where SPLM leaders used the wealth generated by the oil to buy the loyalty of not only the troops, but the people at large, creating intense competition to control the oil. [1] Option contracts are common in professional sports. Contract law provides a legal framework within which persons can transact business and [181] In January 2015, rival factions sign a reunification agreement in Arusha, Tanzania, but fighting continued. [319][320] In late 2016, in a government attack on Yei, three villages were destroyed with 3,000 homes burned in a single village. [77] Kiir had also suggested that his rivals were trying to revive the rifts that had provoked infighting in the 1990s. Open Price Term. If you employ or contract with an excluded individual or entity and Federal health care program payment is made for items or services that person or entity furnishes, whether directly or indirectly, you may be subject to a civil monetary penalty and/or an obligation to repay any amounts attributable to the services of the excluded individual or entity. 2-510. Nolo offers Legal Forms for Starting & Running a Small Business, by Fred Steingold.For personal contracts, see 101 Law Forms for Personal Use, by Robin Leonard and Ralph Warner (Nolo).For more specialized contracts, you can head to Before deciding on how to proceed with your business dispute, it's advisable to first consult with an experiencedsmall business attorneynear you to discuss your options. This was attributed to local self-defence militias becoming increasingly integrated and the depopulation of towns resulting in the army having fewer supplies even while the rebels were already adapted to the bush. Civil Monetary Penalties Law [42 U.S.C. [164] The rebels threatened to boycott the second round talks, demanding the release of four remaining political prisoners and the withdrawal of Ugandan troops. Fighting continued and would be followed by several more ceasefire agreements. This will simplify your life if a dispute does crop up. In order to validly waive the spousal rights that would ordinarily be available to a surviving spouse under Florida law (such as homestead, elective share, exempt property, family allowance, etc. [84] Cattle raids between different ethnic groups were an accepted and honorable way to acquire more cattle. If you are excluded by OIG from participation in the Federal health care programs, then Medicare, Medicaid, and other Federal health care programs, such as TRICARE and the Veterans Health Administration, will not pay for items or services that you furnish, order, or prescribe. An option contract, or simply option, is defined as "a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisor's power to revoke an offer". The UPAA was partly enacted to ensure that a prenup that was validly entered into in one state would be honored by the courts of another state where the couple might get a divorce. Radmacher holds that the courts will give effect to a nuptial agreement that is freely entered into by each party with a full appreciation of its implications unless, in the circumstances prevailing, it would not be fair to hold the parties to their agreement. 2-609. [233], Among regional powers, Kiir met, in January 2017, with Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi who also met with Kiir's ally Ugandan President Museveni. Buyer's Right to Specific Performance or Replevin. contract agreement City-India-Chennai. If the amount at issue is below a certain dollar figure (usually $3,000 to $7,500 depending on the state), the parties may be able to resolve the issue in small claims court. On 18 April, UN said that at least 58 people were killed and more than 100 others wounded in an attack against one of its bases in South Sudan sheltering thousands of civilians. [79] The decrees elicited fears of political unrest, with Machar claiming that Kiir's move was a step towards dictatorship and announcing that he would challenge Kiir in the 2015 presidential election. 2-513. 2-305. On 14 February 2020, Kiir announced South Sudan would return to 10 states in addition to three administrative areas of Abyei, Pibor and Ruweng,[295][296] and on 22 February Riek Machar was sworn in as first vice president for the creation of the unity government. [114] On 21 December a flight of three US Air Force V-22 Osprey aircraft en route to evacuate US nationals from Bor took small arms fire from the ground, injuring four Navy SEALs. Admissibility of Market Quotations. Government agencies, including the Department of Justice, the Department of Health & Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG), and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), are charged with enforcing these laws. [287] As part of amnesty offered to groups following the peace deal, in August 2018, Brigadier General Chan Garang, claiming to lead a group of rebel soldiers from Malong's SS-UF, came back to the government along with 300 rebel soldiers in what was seen as a weakening of SS-UF. [77][80][94] On 21 December, the government announced its unconditional readiness to hold peace talks with any rebel group, including Machar[99] In a Christmas message, Kiir warned of the fighting becoming a tribal conflict. The Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act states that agreements are to be considered contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties. This situation leaves the wife in a state of aginut, in which she is unable to remarry. However, some form of contract is signed in some cases, usually among affluent citizens. Under the CMPL, physicians who pay or accept kickbacks also face penalties of up to $50,000 per kickback plus three times the amount of the remuneration. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. App. 2-616. [78] In July 2013, Kiir dismissed Vice President Riek Machar, one-time leader of the Nasir revolt, along with his entire cabinet. [49] In October 2016, the rebels attempted to take Malakal[243] and by January 2017, fighting there had led to civilians deserting the country's second-largest city. Currently, 28 States and the District of Columbia have adopted a version of the Uniform Premarital Agreement Act (UPAA) or the updated Uniform Premarital Agreements Act (UPMAA). The risk factors should be included in the contract to protect the House owners interests. This rule is also provided by clause 93 of the Family Code of Ukraine. "Letter of Credit" Term; "Confirmed Credit". [65] Fighting in the agricultural heartland in the south of the country caused the number of people facing starvation to soar to 6 million,[66] causing famine in 2017 in some areas. [188], Johnson Olony led a militia that planned to be integrated into the SPLM government forces, but he switched to oppose the government when the government announced plans to carve up new states which the Shilluk felt was to divide their homeland. For more information, see CMS's Stark law Web site. 17 October 2022. physical therapy, occupational therapy, and outpatient speech-language pathology services; radiology and certain other imaging services; parenteral and enteral nutrients, equipment, and supplies; prosthetics, orthotics, and prosthetic devices and supplies; inpatient and outpatient hospital services. 2-724. [205] A new rebel faction calling itself the South Sudan Federal Democratic Party (different from but related to the larger similarly named rebel faction led by Peter Gadet, Gabriel Chang and Gathoth Gatkuoth), made up mostly of Lotuko people formed during this time due to growing perceptions of mistreatment by the "Dinka" government and took over a SPLA outpost in Eastern Equatoria. The case provided substantial amounts of guidance relevant to all nuptial agreement cases that have occurred since 2010.[17]. The Stark law is a strict liability statute, which means proof of specific intent to violate the law is not required. Warranty of Title and Against Infringement; Buyer's Obligation Against Infringement. [170] The 2014 Bentiu massacre occurred on 15 April in Bentiu when more than 200 civilians, all said to have been Dinkas,[171] were massacred by Nuer rebels. The Kenyan government said that there were 30,000 of its nationals in the country and that 10,000 had applied for emergency documents. [223] With a resolution threatening an arms embargo if it blocked the new deployment, the government accepted the move with conditions such as the troops not being from neighboring countries, claiming they have interests at stake. Christi Jacobsen Montana Secretary of State Montana Capitol Building, Rm 260 P.O. Premarital agreements", "Code of Virginia, Chapter 8. [186] The number of known elephants in South Sudan declined from 2,300 in 2013 to 730 in 2016. A written agreement is less risky than an oral agreement, because you have a document that clearly spells out each party's rights and obligations in case of confusion or disagreement. GENERAL OBLIGATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONTRACT, PART 4. Don't waste time negotiating a business agreement with a junior person who has to okay everything with the boss. [306], In August 2021, Machar was deposed as head of the SPLM-IO and its chief of staff, First Lieutenant Simon Gatwech Dual was declared interim leader. In most Arab and Muslim-majority nations there is a marriage contract, known traditionally as aqd qeran, aqd nikkah or aqd zawaj, that long been established as an integral part of an Islamic marriage and is signed at the marriage ceremony. [165] Later in February, the rebels attacked the strategic government controlled Malakal[166] and the government admitted withdrawal[167] and then, in March, the rebels admitted withdrawal, changing hands for the fifth time. [302] In January 2020, the Community of Sant'Egidio mediated a Rome Peace Declaration between the SSOMA and the South Sudanese government. [51] However, following changes in the statutory law, it has become much more difficult to change the character of community or separate property without a written agreement. "Cover"; Buyer's Procurement of Substitute Goods. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside the South Sudanese government. [311][312] It is believed that the town was attacked by government troops as it is the home of former Vice President Riek Machar. A problem arose with unilateral contracts because of the late formation of the contract. 2-715. Effect of Breach on Risk of Loss. This concept has come under attack and a lawyer should be consulted to make sure the prenup does not violate this provision. [48] A prenuptial agreement can contain waivers by which each spouse agrees to release any claims against each other's retirement benefits that arise under both state and federal laws by virtue of the marriage, like under the REA. When a breach of contract occurs or is alleged, one or both of the parties may wish to have the contract enforced on its terms, or may try to recover for any financial harm caused by the alleged breach. [55] In Australia, a prenuptial agreement is referred to as a Binding Financial Agreement (BFA). At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. 2-503. After a couple is married, they may draw up a post-nuptial agreement. represents the Mayor in the conduct of all labor relations between the City of New York and labor unions representing employees of the City. A prenuptial agreement is only valid if it is completed prior to marriage. [224] They also accepted a hybrid court to investigate war crimes. Contracts take effect only between the parties, their assigns and heirs, except in case where the rights and obligations arising from the contract are not transmissible by their nature, or by stipulation or by provision of law. She may amend the conditional divorce or add further conditions later. Parties to the agreement can elect to have the law of the state they are married in govern both the interpretation of the agreement and how property is divided at the time of divorce. To remedy this situation, the movement promotes a prenuptial agreement in which the couple agrees to conduct their divorce, should it occur, in a rabbinical court. [218] While the rebels were mostly in retreat in the Upper Nile front, the rebels had gained ground on the Equatorian front where the SPLA was mostly restricted to its garrisons. Civil law of contract agreement, contractual norms, or conventional morality. (Cohen 19 92, at 957) To sum up, a party to a contract may be said to act opportunistically whe re it . [200] There were Dinka and Nuer clans professing loyalty to Kiir and Dinka and Nuer clans professing loyalty to Machar. Couples enter into a written prenuptial agreement to supersede many of the default marital laws that would otherwise apply in the event of divorce, such as the laws that govern the division of property, retirement benefits, savings, and the right to seek alimony (spousal support) with agreed-upon terms that provide certainty and clarify their marital rights. Indian courts allow a memorandum of settlement to be signed during divorces. [83], For millennia, human society in the South Sudan region operated as a barter economy, with cattle being the primary medium of exchange. You who come from outside don't know what that means. Delegation of Performance; Assignment of Rights. The Law Commission's 2014 report on Matrimonial Property generally accepted the decision in Radmacher and recommended the creation of a 'qualifying nuptial agreement' regime by Parliament which would create a completely binding pre-nuptial agreement so long as certain requirements were met. If there's a tricky issue you don't feel comfortable handling yourself or an idea you're not sure about, a good small business lawyer can give you drafting advice and get your agreement back on track. There are circumstances in which courts have refused to enforce certain portions/provisions of such agreements. Prenuptial agreements historically had not been considered legally enforceable in England and Wales due to a reluctance on the part of the judiciary for public policy reasons. Contract type Local ICA Specialist. 2-104. 2-615. [226][227] After an independent report into UNMISS's failure to protect civilians in the Juba clashes, Secretary-General Ban sacked the commander of the UN force Lt Gen Johnson Mogoa Kimani Ondieki in November[228] and then the general's native Kenya declared that it would pull out of the key role it plays in the peace process[229] and withdrew its more than 1,000 peacekeepers from UNMISS[230] before sending the troops back in with the start of the new UN secretary general's tenure. Buyer's Incidental and Consequential Damages. 606. 2-303. Prenuptial agreements in Canada are governed by provincial legislation. Federal government contracts are commonly divided into two [79] The local Radio Tamazuj suggested UNMISS were absent from the streets in Juba and that December 2013's president of the UN Security Council had announced that the peacekeepers would not intervene in the fighting.
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