Also, check: How to calculate total variable cost? Variable costs are expenses that vary in proportion to the volume of goods or services that a business produces. Common examples include rent, insurance, salaries and interest. The difference between fixed and variable costs is simple: Fixed costs remain the same no matter how much the business produces. Variable Costs . Below is an example of a firm's cost schedule and a graph of the fixed and variable costs. A cost that changes, in total dollar amount, with the change in the level of activity is called variable cost. Fixed Cost Per Unit = Total FC Total Number of Units Produced Here are the examples of variable costs that the company uses in determining its production costs: This material is related to the direct production process. What is Variable Cost? For example, it is impossible to determine cash flow or pretax income without considering these costs. For example, if a company receives an urgent production order. The total cost curve is also inverse S in shape. Therefore, even if the business were to shut down, Amy would still incur these costs until the year-end. Depending on the volume of the production in a company, the variable cost increases or decreases. ^not entirely true. To keep advancing your career, the additional resources below will be useful: Get Certified for Financial Modeling (FMVA). From an accounting standpoint, fixed and variable costs will affect your financial statements. In some cases, these costs can also be semi-variable, but they're very rarely variable. Billable wages are often paid to contractors for hours worked or specific projects. Fixed Cost Examples Variable Cost Examples; Rent: Interest rate on a corporate card: Salaries: Fuel costs for heating: Some utilities (internet, cellular) Raw materials: Fixed interest expenses: are useful over a long period of time. Wiki User. As the level of business activities changes, some costs change while others do not. Fixed costs give you a base to build your budget because you will know the bare minimum to work from. Conclusion If you would like to learn more about how BookKeeping Express (BKE) can help you track your costs and manage your bookkeeping, contact us today. Suppose your building lease is $1,000 and your employees cost $1,000 a month. When you increase or decrease your sales price, the new . It is in fact, a primarily variable-cost-based business, which has huge ramifications for how it can and should operate. A business's fixed costs are those that remain the same despite the level of output for that month. Let us consider a bakery that produces cakes. Classify all items listed in the fixed budget as variable or fixed. This article is a ready reckoner for all the students to learn the difference between fixed cost and variable cost. Essentially, if a cost varies depending on the volume of activity, it is a variable cost. Fixed costs are incurred irrespective of any units produced. At the unit level, variable costs remain the same, while fixed cost per unit varies. Fixed cost is payable irrespective of whether there is any product or not. The speaker is a direct materials cost for mobile phone manufacturing company. All these methods have been explained and exemplified in next pages of this chapter. One speaker is used to complete a mobile phone. For example, your restaurant spends $5,000 on food monthly and $3,000 on labor. List of Excel Shortcuts In other words, they are costs that vary depending on the volume of activity. An example could be electricity--electricity usage may increase with production but if nothing is produced a factory still may require a certain amount of power just to maintain itself. Variable expenses are not considered to be "variable" simply because they can fluctuate or are discretionary. When you accept credit cards or use payment processors, a small percentage of each sale goes to the bank or processor for facilitating the transaction. However, there is an easy way to calculate these two cost components. Variable costs, in addition to credit card fees, direct labor expenses, and commission, are incurred. The best examples of variable costs include payments made to the employees, utilities and materials that are being used. Here are a number of examples of variable costs, all in a production setting: Direct Materials. Fixed expenses. Variable costs are company costs that can change according to the business production activities. Many costs which are fixed in the short-run become variable in the long-run. Consider the following table: Notice that average fixed cost (computed in the last column) decreases as the production of mobile phones increases. Here are the top five fixed costs in most businesses: Depreciation - the gradual deduction of an asset's decline in value. Solution: Given, Variable cost per unit = $3.50 Total cost of production = $50,000 Number of units produced = 10,000 Cost of production of ABC Ltd for April 2019 can be calculated as, = $50,000 - $3.50 * 10,000 FC = $15,000 Example #2 Variable cost vs fixed cost. A business may need more variable costs, including wages of staff hired, electricity, gas or water as levels of output increase. Thank you for reading CFIs guide to Variable Costs. Let's say you own a cupcake bakery. Variable expenses are different from fixed expenses. Gain in-demand industry knowledge and hands-on practice that will help you stand out from the competition and become a world-class financial analyst. 4,30,000 Variable cost of production per unit = Rs. 5 Therefore, fixed cost = 4,30,000 - (5 x 50,000) = Rs. If you sell 200 cupcakes a day, you'll need to buy a lot . For example, Uber pays a driver for every ride they complete. Variable and fixed costs are two distinct components, although both are important components in calculating the companys production costs. By definition, fixed costs are costs or expenses that are not dependent on the companys production activities. However, the total variable cost is dependent on the number of boats produced. Here are the functions : With this costs, a company will be able to make some decisions in the short term. Tips to reduce fixed and variable costs include: Fixed costs Fixed costs are company costs that are not dependent on the companys production activities. Therefore, we can calculate the Fixed Cost of production for XYZ Shoe Company in March 2020 as. Fixed costs do not change with increases/decreases in units of production volume, while variable costs fluctuate with the volume of units of production. The production of goods by the company requires good production equipment. Get a free consultation with our business expert by filling in this form! The higher the total cost ratio, the lower the chance of generating profits. Costs that vary depending on the volume of activity. If the level of output produced is 50 units, total costs will be $10,000 + $2,500 = $12,500. Also read: What is ERP and Why is it Important for Businesses? Fixed cost is often called overhead. For example, in a manufacturing company, one supervisor is required at a salary of Rs 10,000 p.m. for every 50 workers. It's amazing how Uber has been able to convince Wall Street that it is primarily a fixed cost tech platform. In this case, the amount of time that the labour spends for working overtime will be count as a variable cost. Other examples of variable cost include lubricants, sales commission and shipping costs etc. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. So the amount of fixed cost per unit would be $25,000, so it would decrease the amount of cost per unit for our second unit. Required fields are marked *. Calculate the fixed cost of production if the variable cost per unit for ABC Ltd is $3.50. )," Mike says It is usually used to expense a mortgage loan down to $0. Since the variable cost per unit is $50 and fixed costs are $15,000, the breakeven point would be at pot 375. In this case, the utility includes electricity bills, phone bills, water bills, and other bills. Total Cost = Fixed Costs + (Variable Costs Output) NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 1, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 2, NCERT Solutions Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, TS Grewal Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy, TS Grewal Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy, DK Goel Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy, DK Goel Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy, Sandeep Garg Solutions Class 11 Economics, JEE Main 2022 Question Papers with Answers, JEE Advanced 2022 Question Paper with Answers. Fixed costs are costs that do not change when output changes. Property tax is a cash cost that is fixed because it is incurred whether or not the land is farmed. Truck mortgage payments and insurance payments are usually the biggest fixed costs. Therefore, for Amy to break even, she would need to sell at least 340 cakes a month. In addition, there are fixed costs of $500 (the equipment used). The owner will also need to pay two employees to run the store. Variable costs are business expenses that can change based on sales or production. The fixed cost, in this case, the total fixed cost, is the same for all three quarters. One special example of a fixed cost is direct labor cost. What Are Fixed and Variable Costs? Examples of fixed cost are rent, tax, salary, depreciation, fees, duties, insurance, etc. Watch this short video to quickly understand the main concepts covered in this guide, including what variable costs are, the common types of variable costs, the formula, and break-even analysis. Besides that, you can also ensure efficient procurement cost using Procurement System. Commissions are a semi-variable labor costs. In other words, fixed costs should no longer distort healthcare prices, nor encourage expansions that stimulate rapid price increases. If production increases, per unit fixed cost decreases and if production decreases, per unit fixed cost increases. They dont change, regardless of your business activity, so no additional calculations are needed. As your sales grow, your variable costs go up. It is volume-dependent and changes based on the volume produced. Variable costs are examples of cost overruns. Examples of fixed costs: mortgage and loan payments, insurance premiums, rent, salaries, cell phone bills, property taxes, vehicle license. 3) Some of the fixed costs like Machinery, buildings etc. The line rent remains fixed and is not affected by the consumption of electricity whereas the cost of units consumed varies with the change in units consumed. 1) The total fixed cost remains constant even though total output increases or decreases. Schedule your meeting right away! The formula is: CM=S-VC. We first calculate the variable rate with the following formula: Variable Cost (b) = (Highest value-Lowest value) / (Highest activity - Lowest activity) Estimate the fixed Cost Level: Fixed Cost (a) = Total Cost - Variable Cost. The Structured Query Language (SQL) comprises several different data types that allow it to store different types of information What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? These are simply costs that are part fixed and part variable. $50,000 would be spread over three units and that would be about $16,667. And let's just say it's a little bit closer around here. Fixed costs are those that are incurred on a consistent basis regardless of business activities. Fixed cost is referred to as the cost that does not register a change with an increase or decrease in the quantity of goods produced by a firm. For example, the rental charges of a machine might include $500 per month plus $5 per hour of use. Three commonly used methods to divided a mixed or semi-variable cost into its fixed and variable components are high-low point method, scatter graph method and least squares regression method. When calculating production costs, there are several essential cost components, namely variable costs and fixed costs. Maintenance. Additionally, Amy sells the cakes at a sales price of $30. $15,000 / ($90 - $50) = 375 Pots. Must read: What is the average fixed cost? One possible result is a sales volume of 28,000 units. These are also a variable cost since the amount you pay in merchant fees depends on your sales. Not only that, but fixed costs will also make it easier for companies to determine profit in a longer period than variable costs. The thing that defines the fixed costs of a business is that they remain the same over a period of time. Fixed cost is referred to as the cost that does not register a change with an increase or decrease in the quantity of goods produced by a firm. You have entered an incorrect email address! A cost that has the characteristics of both variable and fixed cost is called mixed or semi-variable cost. The behavior of fixed cost is shown in the following figure: Total fixed cost does not change with the change in activity but per unit fixed cost changes with the rise and fall in the level of activity. Amy asks for your opinion on whether she should close down the business or not. Common examples of fixed costs include rent/mortgage/lease, insurance, taxes, salaries, legal fees, advertising, etc Variable costs: These are costs which do change in direct proportion to the volume of sales. Examples of variable costs include - utilities, commission-based pay, raw materials, and transport costs. Variable costs are costs that change as the volume changes. Understanding these costs can help you better grasp how your money is spent. Meanwhile, variable costs are expenses that depend on the companys production activities. It also needs to pay for utilities like cellular reception, internet, and electricity. Fixed cost per unit reduces with the increase in volume production and vice versa. The number of products that a company has produced can affect the direct materials. There is no impact on profit with the level of production. Amy estimates that February should experience revenues similar to that of January. Fixed costs (overhead) per unit: $2 Based on these figures, the cost of producing one unit is $8 + $4 + $2 = $14. When the companys production increases, the variable costs will rise. A typical example of predetermined or fixed cost is rent. Here are The 17 Best ERP Software in Singapore You Should Know in 2021, Warehouse Management Software Feature and Benefit. Merchandise materials and utilities are examples of variable costs. Step costs are also known as step-fixed costs or step-variable costs. The most common examples of fixed costs include lease and rent payments, property tax, certain salaries, insurance, depreciation, and interest payments. Then if we view the unit cost, the fixed costs will change the unit price. Variable costs would be cost of foods and beverages sold, salaries for extra staff during special events or periods of excessive demand, other restaurant supplies. They are usually percentages of sales that are paid to the employee who made the sale. Variable Cost per Unit = 35 + 45*0.75 = $68.75. View the full answer. Here are some examples of fixed costs that the company uses in determining its production costs: To ensure that the companys production and operational processes run smoothly, the company usually makes interest-bearing loans. Top 11 Most Common Examples of Fixed Cost #1 - Depreciation #2 - Amortization #3 - Insurance #4 - Rent Paid #5 - Interest Expense #6 - Property Taxes #7 - Salaries #8 - Utility Expenses #9 - Advertising and Promotional Expense #10 - Equipment Rental #11 - Legal Expenses Conclusion Recommended Articles Top 11 Most Common Examples of Fixed Cost Tagged: fixed costs, variable costs, semi-variable costs. Labour cost, cost of raw materials, and sales commissions. Fixed costs are those costs that a company should bear irrespective of the levels of production. Fixed costs are those costs that a company should bear irrespective of the levels of production. Because semi-variable cost has both variable and fixed costs. Fixed costs are equipment costs, license and taxes, insurance, and management and overhead. Helping the company in short-term decision making, Make it easier for the company to determine short-term profits. When business owners want to increase profits and make more money per sale, they often look at lowering their cost of goods sold, including variable costs. In this scenario, the more goods a factory produces and ships, the more theyll have to spend on materials, supplies, and transportation. Other examples of variable cost include lubricants, sales commission and shipping costs etc. Variable cost remains the same irrespective of the number of units produced. Fixed Costs = Total Costs - (Variable Cost Per Unit Number of Units Produced) Fixed Cost Per Unit Formula The fixed cost per unit is the total amount of FCs incurred by a company divided by the total number of units produced. Insurance Fixed costs can be further categorized as committed and discretionary fixed costs. Let's look at another example to calculate your fixed costs. Examples of fixed costs include rent, taxes, and insurance. Some examples are direct materials, production supplies, shipping costs, merchant fees, and billable wages. The different examples of fixed costs can be rent, salaries, and property taxes. Prepare flexible budgets for the company at sales volumes of 18,000 and 24,000 units. Examples of variable costs include the costs of raw materials and labor that go into each unit of product or service sold. Fixed costs, for the most part, remain the same regardless of how many patients the hospital receives each year. (4,30,000 - 2,50,000) = Rs. Since you have to pay fixed costs regardless of how much you sell, you should be careful about adding fixed costs to your small business. Variable vs. fixed costs. Semi-variable costs consist of both fixed and variable costs. Examples of variable costs are raw materials, piece-rate labor, production supplies, commissions, delivery . There are two main types of costs: variable and fixed. For example, the rental charges of a machine might include $500 per month plus $5 per hour of use. In economics, production costs involve a number of costs that include both fixed and variable costs. Another example of mixed or semi-variable cost is electricity bill. Fixed cost: A cost that will not change, in overall, with the adjust in activity is referred to as fixed cost. 2018 BookKeeping Express | Privacy Policy| BKEInsight, Hubdoc Names BKE CEO Keith Mueller a Top 50 Cloud Accountant of 2015, Why Its Important to Keep Business and Personal Finances Separate, Understanding Fixed, Variable And Semi-Variable Costs. Using Variable Costs. The various examples of variable costs are the cost of raw materials that are used for production, sales commissions, labour cost, and more. You can calculate operating leverage using the. Understanding your costs will help you create realistic goals for your business. The employees work the same number of hours per week at an hourly rate. however, it is a variable cost if it changes a lot, like a manufacturing company using more or less electricity when there are higher or lower demands for products. The costs increase as the volume of activities increases and decrease as the volume of activities decreases. If Amy were to continue operating despite losing money, she would only lose $1,000 per month ($3,000 in revenue - $4,000 in total costs). The amount you spend increases directly along with the amount of miles you drive. So that the company can focus on fixed costs behavior. Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA), Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Capital Markets & Securities Analyst (CMSA), Certified Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA). Additionally, shes already committed to paying for one year of rent, electricity, and employee salaries. Total number of units manufactured = 50,000 Total cost of production = Rs. Fixed Cost of production = Total cost of production (A) - Number of units produced (E) * Variable Cost per Unit. Copy utilities is a fixed cost. For example, if somehow the fixed cost is 10,000 as well as the output generated during first quarterly is4,000,5,000, as well as 3000 units respectively. Break-Even Point = Fixed Costs / (Selling Price - Variable Costs Per Unit) Using the example of our ceramics studio, say you are thinking of pricing the pots at $90. This article explains the difference among these three types of costs as well as their response to business activities. Variable costs, or variable expenses, are those that change from one period to another. To know more about such interesting concepts, stay tuned to BYJUS. To calculate AFC, you would have to use the following formula: AFC = TFC / Q Where TFC is your total fixed costs and Q is your production quantity. This strategy involves the use of an Accounting system. Consider the following example to understand how variable cost behaves in a manufacturing company. Variable expenses, such as your grocery bill, can vary from month to month. Next, to calculate total variable cost, the project manager must use this formula: Total output quantity x variable cost per unit = total variable cost It is time-dependent and changes after a certain period of time. Fuel, seed, fertilizer and herbicide purchases are cash costs that vary with the number of acres farmed. . You can use this information to determine your fixed costs with the formula: Fixed Cost = Total Cost - (Variable Cost Per Unit * Units Produced). Fixed costs are the simplest of the three. This will be easier by using an integrated accounting system. 2) It is the minimum expenditure on indivisible factors. As mentioned above, variable expenses do not remain constant when production levels change. The company will rent a place as their operational place. Another example of mixed or semi-variable cost is electricity bill. Published On: October 21, 2015 Though there are fixed and variable costs in healthcare, more than 80 percent of a hospital's costs are fixed expenditures associated with buildings, salaries, equipment and other overhead. Fixed costs remain constant as use increases. Examples of fixed costs for restaurants Rent Health and zoning permits Depreciation or financing payments on kitchen equipment, furniture, etc. Click here to get the best offer and free demos! In January, the business reported revenues of $3,000 but incurred total costs of $4,000, for a net loss of $1,000. BusinessTech by Hashmicro is where you will find the latest news about how technology can improve the business work-flow. Higher production results in reducing the costs and increasing the profits. Conversely, a high proportion of fixed costs requires that a business maintain a high sales level in order to stay in business. Home Explanations Classifications of cost Variable, fixed and mixed (semi-variable) costs. In the example above, you would add your fixed costs to the variable costs of $20. At the same time, the variable cost incurs when there is any production. Variable costs can be further categorized as true variable and step variable costs. Insurance premiums POS system Loan payments Examples of variable costs for restaurants Food and beverage supplies Marketing Breakage Examples of semi-variable costs for restaurants Water and electricity. Examples of variable costs include credit card fees, direct labor, and commission. What is ERP and Why is it Important for Businesses? 2. Here are some examples of fixed costs that the company uses in determining its production costs: Interest expense To ensure that the company's production and operational processes run smoothly, the company usually makes interest-bearing loans. Unlike fixed costs, variable costs do increase or decrease with your business activity. A common example of variable cost is direct materials cost. Amortization - the allocation of the cost of an intangible asset over a period of time. Understanding which costs are variable and which costs are fixed are important to business decision-making. The first illustration below shows an example of variable costs . Identifying fixed and variable costs as a part of your total business expenses is essential for creating long-term financial strategies. Fixed costs are less controllable in nature than the variable costs as they are not dependent on the production factors such as volume. In some cases, businesses only list their total costs and variable costs per unit. Variable cost is referred to as the type of cost that will show variations as per the changes in the levels of production. Variable costs are the expenses you pay when you drive your truck. "Typically, for a pizzeria the VC is represented solely by prime costs (food and labor. The rent of land is an example of a fixed cost that a small business owner gives to the landlord. It is the amount of money available to cover fixed operating costs (FC) and to generate a profit, Mike says. Is transportation cost a variable expense? The formula can be written as: Total Fixed Cost = F1 + F2 + F3 + . If the units produced increase, the fixed cost per unit would decrease, and vice versa. A company with zero units sold technically has zero variable costs. Ask us anything about HashMicros products through a personal demo with our sales team. Meanwhile, if the companys production decreases, then variable costs will drop. We feature the latest updates in Information Technology, like ERP, which is connected with various industries. As one of the important cost components in calculating the production costs, variable costs certainly have several functions. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Average fixed cost is your company's total fixed costs divided by the number of units you produce. Higher fixed costs help operating leverage to increase. If we had three units, you can expect as to what would happen. The mentioned concept elucidates in detail about the difference between fixed cost and variable cost for the commerce students. Fixed and variable costs are key terms in managerial accounting, used in various forms of analysis of financial statements. Fixed Cost of production = 150,000 - 2000*68.75 = $12,500. HashMicro as the leading ERP Software vendor in Singapore provides solution to optimize the calculation of the company production costs easily using Accounting System that is supported by best features. Variable costs increase (or decrease) as use increases (or decreases). Since this cost depends on the amount of production and sales, commissions will be calculate from each successful product sale in a certain amount. On the other hand, fixed costs are costs that remain constant regardless of production levels (such as office rent). Costs that are classified as fixed costs must always be paid even if the company is not producing any goods or services. In this case, cost information that has been separated based on changes and behavior of the company production volume can make it easier for the company to determine their short-term profits. The total and per unit cost of speakers at various levels of activity is given below: Notice that the total cost of speakers increases as the mobile phones produced are increased but per unit cost remains constant.
Rum-soaked Sponge Cake Crossword, Biomedical Model Of Health Psychology, Independence Elementary School South Gate, International E Commerce Laws, Sheet Music Boss Rush,