Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province, Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial area which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.[133]. The province's capital is Lahorea cultural, modern, historical, economic, and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan. Unlock incisive commentary only on Business Standard. [46][vague][failed verification], Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al Thaqifi, who had played a crucial role during the Second Fitna for the Umayyad cause, was appointed the governor of Iraq in 694 AD. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. [5], FFC also acquired 100% equity of Al-Hamd Foods Limited in October 2013 as a platform to enter the Foods Business. It was ruled by Arabs of Emirate of Multan and then by Hindu Shahi Empire. [196] Clearly, Yazdi's "Hindus" included Muslims as well. [239] According to Ikram, "Aurangzeb tried to enforce strict Islamic law by ordering the destruction of newly built Hindu temples. It was during this period that Lahore assumed considerable importance, apart from being the second capital, and later the only capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. [147], This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. The empire continued its slow decline, but the original capital was not reoccupied or rebuilt. [13], Punjab is Pakistan's most industrialized province, with the industrial sector comprising 24 percent of the province's gross domestic product. Baloch, Sanaullah. [citation needed] Despite unfavourable treatment under the Muslim rule, Brahmanical education continued and was also patronised by rulers like Akbar and others. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. [2][ "PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre". Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Dhami said the government should show generosity for the open pilgrimage to Sikh shrines left in Pakistan. Biraben, Jean-Nol (2003). [47] Greek influence in the region ended around 12 B.C.E. The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. Rajput women committing Jauhar during Akbar's invasion. The kingdoms of Kapisa-Gandhara in modern-day Afghanistan, Zabulistan, and Sindh (which then held Makran) in modern-day Pakistan, all of which were culturally and politically part of India since ancient times,[20] were known as "The Frontier of Al Hind". The Khewra Salt Mines is one of the oldest mines in South Asia. There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated. Exclusive Stories, Curated Newsletters, 26 years of Archives, E-paper, and more! There are many tourism-worthy sites and places within the province. Insightful news, sharp views, newsletters, e-paper, and more! [35] Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas. To cement their rules, Muslim rulers initially promoted a system in which there was a revolving door between the clergy, the administrative nobility and the mercantile classes. Continuous raids from these empires in the north-west of India led to the loss of stability in the Indian kingdoms, and led to the establishment of Islam in the heart of India. He forcibly converted Hindus to Islam and destroyed Hindu temples. The religion originated and had gained early acceptance in the Arabian Peninsula. [99][100] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province. [118][124] A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region. "The rising numbers of humankind", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWink1991 (, harvp error: no target: CITEREFWink1991 (. Yet, in a few instances, after the war, the Sultans let the Hindus repair and reconstruct their temples. [217] This discrimination against Hindus was in force in the latter half of the 14th century, states Jackson, yet it is difficult to establish if and how this was enforced outside of the major centers under Muslim control. At that time, this acquisition at Rs. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed more than 100,000 "Hindu" captives. On its eastern side, it is bounded by the IndiaPakistan border, sharing an international boundary with the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east and southeast, respectively, and a disputed boundary with the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate. [11], This was the beginning of a prolonged struggle between the rulers of Kabul and Zabul against successive Arab governors of Sistan, Khurasan and Makran in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. [1][2], FFC markets it products as "Sona". The Scindia ruler later established them in Gopal Mandir, bringing to a halt the doors long journey. [67], Another prominent name is that of Jasrath Khokhar who helped Sultan Zain Ul Abideen of Kashmir to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and North Punjab. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great. The number of textile units is 14,820. [160], Islam's impact was the most notable in the expansion of trade. Singh was addressing a congregation to mark the centenary of the 'Shaheedi Saka Panja Sahib' at Gurdwara Panja Sahib in Pakistan. [71] According to a report on Dawn, the rate of multidimensional poverty in Balochistan had risen to 71% by 2016. Mu'izz al-Din, better known as Shahb-ud-Din Muhammad Ghori was a conqueror from the region of Ghor in modern Afghanistan. However, the sacred temples, icons and the looted image carried away was still sacred and treated with respect by the victorious Hindu king and his forces, states Richard Davis. [35] Lahore emerged as an important city of Central Punjab in late 10th century. As of 2015, there are only 327,778 registered Afghan refugees according to the UNHCR. Initially aspiring for independence,[26] the Khan of Kalat finally acceded to Pakistan on 27 March 1948 after period of negotiations with Pakistan. [248][148][149] In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of Hindu temples being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidence is available. [219], Some modern era Indian texts mention that Hindu and Jain temples of Delhi Sultanate era received endowments from Muslim authorities, presenting these as evidence of lack of persecution during this period. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. 10.46 billion. The Muslim texts of that era, states Jackson, frequently mention themes such as the Hindu "infidels must on no account be allowed to live in ease and affluence", they should not be treated as "Peoples of the Book" and the Sultan should "at least refrain from treating Hindus with honour or permitting idolatry in the capital". [11], 15th century saw rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. [267] The present temple was reconstructed in Chaulukya style of Hindu temple architecture and completed in May 1951.[268][269]. [171], Parts of India have been subject to Muslim rule from the period of Muhammad ibn Qasim till the fall of the Mughal Empire. [35] Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed. The Mughals suffered a major decline in the early 18th century, mostly after their defeat in the Mughal-Rajput Wars[7] and MughalMaratha Wars. [263] The temple was rebuilt by Mahipala Deva, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra in 1308. [28] During the caliphate of Ali, many Hindus of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism[29] and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali. [162] After the fall of Chittorgarh in 1303 by the Alauddin Khilji of the Khalji dynasty, Rajputs from the region immigrated in large groups into what is today Nepal due to heavy religious persecution. The modern-day Pakistani province has its roots in the Punjab Province of British India, which was divided along religious boundaries by the Radcliffe Line during the partition of India in 1947. Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the periphery of the region. Al Hakam b. Awana Al Kalbi in 733 AD, founded the garrison city of Al Mahfuza ("The Well Guarded") similar to Kufa, Basra and Wasit, on the eastern side of a lake near Brahmanabad. [220] But generally, states Jackson, the texts and even the memoirs written by the some Sultans themselves describe how they "set about destroying new temples and replacing them with mosques", and in one case depopulated a town of Hindus and resettled Muslims there. After the partition of the country, many Sikh shrines, including Gurdwara Panja Sahib towards which the Sikh community has deep reverence and devotion, were left in Pakistan, he said. Such instances, states Jackson, has been cited by the Indian scholar P.B. [203][note 5] Phyllis Granoff notes that "medieval Indian religious groups faced a serious crisis as invading Muslim armies sacked temples and defaced sacred image". The Sultans of Delhi enjoyed cordial, if superficial, relations with Muslim rulers in the Near East but owed them no allegiance. [85] It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of Pakistan. Other languages spoken are Lasi, Urdu, Punjabi, Hazargi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Dehvari, Dari, Tajik, Hindko, Uzbek, and Hindki. Turki Shah and Zunbil expelled Arabs from their respective kingdoms by 670 AD, and Zunbil began assisting in organizing resistance in Makran. The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts. At the end of his reign, Mahmud's empire extended from Kurdistan in the west to Samarkand in the Northeast, and from the Caspian Sea to the Punjab in the west. However, Yahya Sirhindi based his conclusions on unsubstantial evidence, the first being a casual recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif of his Sayyid heritage,[57] and secondly the noble character of the Sultan which distinguished him as a Prophet's descendant.[58]. Manan Ahmed Asif criticizes the very premises of recovering portions of Chachnama as a historical chronicle of Muslim conquest; he argues that the site and times of production dictated its entire content, and that it must be read in entirety, as an original work in the genre of "political theory" where history is creatively extrapolated with romantic fiction to gain favor in the court of Nasiruddin Qabacha. The mission described Makran as inhospitable, and Caliph Uthman, probably assuming the country beyond was much worse, forbade any further incursions into India. The Tughlaq dynasty, meanwhile, temporarily expanded its territorial reach to Tamil Nadu. Dost Mohammad was seriously injured whereas his brother Wazir Fateh Khan fled back to Kabul fearing that his brother was dead. The new company Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited (formerly FFC-Jordan Fertilizer Company Limited) commenced commercial production with effect from January 1, 2000. [214] These medieval Muslim rulers were "protecting and advancing the Islamic faith", with two Muslim texts of this period remarking that the Sultan had a duty "eradicate infidelity and humiliate his Hindu subjects". [7] It is the seventh largest commercial bank of the country. This led world trade to expand to the maximum extent possible in the medieval world. [3], Following its diversification policy, FFC ventured into financial services and food businesses during 2013, and acquired 43.15% equity stake of Askari Bank (AKBL) with a total investment of Rs. It also shares International borders with Iran to the south-west and Afghanistan to the west. [212], Numerous Islamic texts of that era, states Wink, also describe "forced transfer of enslaved Indian captives (ghilman-o-jawari, burda, sabaya), specially women and children" over the 11th century from Hindustan. In 1887, small additional areas of Balochistan were declared British territory. [21] Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in the town of Nankana Sahib, near Lahore. "[27]:82. The event was jointly organised by Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (PSGPC) and Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC). [209] The religious icons of Hindus were one of the targets of these Islamic campaigns. Other hot areas include Turbat and Dalbandin. Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists. The Walled City of Lahore, Badshahi Mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque, Tomb of Jahangir and Nur Jahan, Tomb of Asaf Khan, Chauburji and other major sites visited by tourists each year. While southern India was already in trade with Arabs/Muslims, northern India found new opportunities. In 1191, he invaded the territory of Prithviraj III of Ajmer, who ruled his territory from Delhi to Ajmer in present-day Rajasthan, but was defeated at the First Battle of Tarain. [148], In many cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. [215], In general, Hindu subjects of Delhi Sultanate were generally accepted as people with dhimmi status, not equal to Muslims, but "protected", subject to Jizya tax and with a list of restrictions. The Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567. [95], Timur crossed the Indus River at Attock (now Pakistan) on 24 September. [10] The Maratha Empire was the dominant force on the subcontinent after the Mughals. It is "not beyond the bounds of possibility" that in some instances this happened. [246], Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with instances of years where the temples were protected from desecration. Exterior wall reliefs at Hoysaleswara Temple. A lot of Vedantic literature got translated into these languages between 12th to 15th centuries. The Mirani Dam on the Dasht River, 50 kilometres (31mi) west of Turbat in the Makran Division, is being built to provide water to expand agricultural land use by 35,000km2 (14,000sqmi) where it would otherwise be unsustainable. [197], Muslim texts of that period are replete with iconoclast rhetoric, descriptions of mass-slaughter of Hindus, and repeats ad nauseam about "the army of Islam obtain[ing] abundant wealth and unlimited riches" from the conquered sites. Most of the area would eventually revert to local Baloch control after Afghan rule. [199][213], The Delhi Sultanate started in the 13th-century and continued through the early 16th century, when the Mughal conquest replaced it. [78] Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued. Buddhists centres of learning decayed, leading to the rise to prominence of Brahmanical institutions. Sunthankar, produced some of the best warriors in Maharashtrian History.. It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north, Punjab to the north-east and Sindh to the south-east. [4], Company Registration Number: CUIN-0043761, The Unaccounted for Gas (UfG) of Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) is growing exponentially. [150], Rani ki vav is a stepwell, built by the Chaulukya dynasty, located in Patan; the city was sacked by Sultan of Delhi Qutb ud-Din Aibak between 1200 and 1210, and it was destroyed by Alauddin Khalji in 1298.[150]. While there is a tendency to view the Muslim conquests and Muslim empires as a prolonged period of violence against Hindu culture,[note 2] in between the periods of wars and conquests, there were harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in most Indian communities,[172] and the Indian population grew during the medieaval Muslim times. Earlier Muslim conquests include the invasions into what is now modern-day Pakistan and the Umayyad campaigns in India in eighth century and resistance of Rajputs to them. The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan, and is the world's fifth-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside China or India. In the interest of his successors, he constructed, to weaken the Indian frontier, those roads on which afterwards his son Yamin-addaula Mahmud marched into India during a period of thirty years and more. Its rich fields and fruitful gardens, together with the canal which watered them (the course of which is still partially traceable in the western part of the plain), had all disappeared. [8] Afsharid ruler Nader Shah's invasion was an unexpected attack which demonstrated the weakness of the Mughal Empire. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language[96][97][98] In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.[86][87]. It is bound to the Arabian Sea in the south in which lies the world's largest deep sea port, The Port of Gwadar. He said martyrs are the heritage of the community and history is a source of inspiration. The major native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi, representing the largest language spoken in the country. Towards this objective, FFCEL, FFC 100% owned subsidiary, is the first wind farm project of the country, with a capacity of 49.50 MWh. He conquered Debal, defeated and killed Jai Singh,[67][failed verification][69] secured Sindh and Southern Punjab and then stormed Al Kiraj (Kangra valley) in 724 AD. As a youth, states Eaton, Akbar studied Islam under both Shia and Sunni tutors, but as an adult he looked back with regret on his early life, confessing that in those days he had "persecuted men into conformity with my faith and deemed it Islam". Balochistan's population density is low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. Under the Sultanate, "Indo-Muslim" fusion left lasting monuments in architecture, music, literature, and religion. Gul Ahmed began trading in textiles in the early 20th century.. Punjab is the most fertile province of the country as River Indus and its four major tributaries Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab and Sutlej flow through it. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister. Malfzt-i Tmr, or Tzak-i Tmr: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tmr (Taimur the lame). Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, which are now recognised World Heritage Sites. The political power shifted from Hindu kings to Muslim sultans in conquered areas. Punjab (/pndb/ (listen); Punjabi, Urdu: , pronounced[pndb]) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. The biggest impact was upon trade resulting from a common commercial and legal system extending from Morocco to Indonesia.
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