[15] Other traces, such as place names bearing the names of gods may provide further information about deities, such as a potential association between deities based on the placement of locations bearing their names, their local popularity, and associations with geological features. With the widespread publication of translations of Old Norse texts that recount the mythology of the North Germanic peoples, references to the Norse gods and heroes spread into European literary culture, especially in Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain. 10 prominent goddess in Norse mythology are: Freyja, Frigg, Skadi, Sif, Jord, Ran, Idun, Saga, Eir, and Hel. Download the audio, Right Click Save As We have already met the Norse hero, Sigurd . Norse mythology - including the stories of Odin, Thor and Loki - was the basis of the religion of the Viking warriors that plundered Europe from the 8 th to the 11 th centuries. They cast the net into the water again and again until, inevitably, Loki was caught and dragged to the shorewhere he was forced to return to his true form. Guided by Odin in disguise, he won back his fathers kingdom and enjoyed great success in wars against neighboring kings. Whenever the bowl filled, though, Sigyn was forced to turn away for a moment to empty itleaving Loki to thrash and writhe in agony once more. The opening chapters of the saga contain some bits usually left out of polite discussion of the work. Okay, so, adultery in early medieval Scandinavia was a pretty simple thing, at least in Iceland. [11] Hell in the Online Etymology Dictionary. Of course, after this display, the Gods were no longer willing to allow Loki to remain free. 1993. [5], Norse mythology is primarily attested in dialects of Old Norse, a North Germanic language spoken by the Scandinavian people during the European Middle Ages and the ancestor of modern Scandinavian languages. If successful, the giant wanted the hand of the goddess Freyja in marriage. The gods found Loki hiding on the top of a mountain, capturing him and bringing him to a dark cave. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Elves and Birth There are discernible patterns in the way the Norse conceived of death and the afterlife, even though those patterns dont hold absolutely, and the details of what one source tells us are almost invariably contradicted by another source. Other terms are Scandinavian mythology,[1][2][3] North Germanic mythology[4] or Nordic mythology. They decided to draw the white flags and assembled for a peace treaty. The writer and scholar Poul Anderson called the story of Hadding dark and violent even by saga standards. Hadding, a mythological king of Denmark, was sent as a child to be fostered by a family of jotuns (Ymirs children, see #1 above). Loki's wife, . Translated by Angela Hall. [8], Numerous additional texts, such as the sagas, provide further information. Starkad is the hero of a number of legendary sagas. Loki, in Norse mythology, a cunning trickster who had the ability to change his shape and sex. The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Prometheus was one of Zeus'. Norse mythology is the compilation of the stories, religious practices, and myths of the ancient Nordic people. Norse mythology isn't nearly as bright and cheery as it's shown in the recent Marvel movies. The important goddesses are notably different, as the . 2022 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. When he grew to manhood, he became the lover of his own wet-nurse, only to watch her torn to pieces by alien, chaotic powers beyond his understanding. The cosmology, deities, myths, and monsters of ancient Norse society. He is full of mischief. Yesterday was October 10, 201010.10.10! [14] Later sources reaching into the modern period, such as a medieval charm recorded as used by the Norwegian woman Ragnhild Tregagsconvicted of witchcraft in Norway in the 14th centuryand spells found in the 17th century Icelandic Galdrabk grimoire also sometimes make references to Norse mythology. The snake dropped its venom to the face of the trickster. Dragging Loki to a cave, the Gods set up three large and flat stones, boring a hole through each. The ideas of salvation and damnation were alien to their rather earthy worldview. Appealing to Odin, Loki reminded the one-eyed ruler of the Aesir of the vows that they had made to each other long ago, when they had declared themselves to be blood-brothers. In Greek mythology, Prometheus the trickster defied Gods and presented 'Men' with fire. But the blessing bore its own curse, which was that Starkad was destined to commit three heinous acts. Frigga - Main goddess. [4] Ellis, Hilda Roderick. For example, Valhalla is often depicted as a realm where distinguished warriors engage in a continuous battle, and just such a place is described, in important early sources, as being located beneath the ground and, intriguingly, without the name Valhalla anywhere in the account. Norse, Nordic, or Scandinavian mythology is the body of myths belonging to the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Old Norse religion and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Nordic folklore of the modern period. Deeply lovesick after catching sight of the beautiful jtunn Gerr, Freyr seeks and wins her love, yet at the price of his future doom. The Punishment of Loki. Leaving aside the fact that this excludes all of the other places to which the dead are thought to potentially go, this artificially tidy distinction was first made by Snorri Sturluson, a Christian historian writing in the thirteenth century many generations after the pre-Christian Norse religion had ceased to be a living tradition. But there are times when he is downright evil. Travel between the worlds is frequently recounted in the myths, where the gods and other beings may interact directly with humanity. For his disobedience, Zeus sentenced him to eternal punishment. During the day, Loki took on the form of a salmon, and his himself in a nearby stream. ), There is one late Old Norse poem that mentions a place of punishment after death: Nastrond (Old Norse Nstrdr, shore of corpses). The second was Mimir's Well. p. 70. [19], Odin must share half of his share of the dead with a powerful goddess, Freyja. Var was the Keeper of Promise in Norse mythology. Setting Vali loose, the Gods forced Loki to watch as one son tore the other apart. The Poetic Edda consists almost entirely of poems, with some prose narrative added, and this poetryEddic poetryutilizes fewer kennings. [12][13], Only a tiny amount of poems and tales survive of the many mythical tales and poems that are presumed to have existed during the Middle Ages, Viking Age, Migration Period, and before. [1] [2] He became King of Sipylus, a mountainous region in what is now Anatolia. The Gods Punished a Trickster Too Clever For His Own Good With an Eternity of Ceaseless Toil. [33] Various forms of a cosmological creation story are provided in Icelandic sources, and references to a future destruction and rebirth of the worldRagnarokare frequently mentioned in some texts. Cronus (Titan God) Zeus's father fearing the prophecy that he would someday be overthrown by one of his sons, would devour them as they were being born. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe. [28] Elements of the cosmos are personified, such as the Sun (Sl, a goddess), the Moon (Mni, a god), and Earth (Jr, a goddess), as well as units of time, such as day (Dagr, a god) and night (Ntt, a jtunn). [27], In Norse cosmology, all beings live in Nine Worlds that center around the cosmological tree Yggdrasil. The Punishment of Loki The story of Norse mythology is indeed a completely fascinating one. Norse Mythology and Viking Legends for KidsLoki's Punishment. The book is Gaiman's retelling of several stories from Norse mythology. [32] Time itself is presented between cyclic and linear, and some scholars have argued that cyclic time was the original format for the mythology. Criminal Punishment of the Vikings. During the modern period, the Romanticist Viking revival re-awoke an interest in the subject matter, and references to Norse mythology may now be found throughout modern popular culture. And the truth was revealed when Mimir didn't accompany Hoenir. [10] By way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, comparisons to other attested branches of Germanic mythology (such as the Old High German Merseburg Incantations) may also lend insight. She gave him an appetite so strong that he ate everything. Tr, the Norse god who lost his right hand to the wolf Fenrir, is most famous for being the god of war in Norse mythology. To celebrate, we planned a bunch of 10 lists, and the mass listeria has spilled into 10.11.10. [6], The Prose Edda features layers of euhemerization, a process in which deities and supernatural beings are presented as having been either actual, magic-wielding human beings who have been deified in time or beings demonized by way of Christian mythology. One day, he cut down a sacred grove of trees in order to build another feast hall, as the rich are wont to do. From these two humankind is foretold to repopulate the new and green earth.[35]. Eventually, another being, Buri, came into existence, and his grandchildren, Vili, Ve and Odin, decided to create the world and fill it with life. But worse was yet to come. But vengeance was bitter-sweet; Signy, having accomplished her revenge, preferred to die with her hated husband than escape with her son/nephew and brother/baby-daddy. Living a life of honor and respect was important in Viking society, and this was thought to affect one's destination in the realms after death. The Gods knew that he was there, though, and so they were not willing to give up. In memory of this act, sacrifices to Odin were killed in similar fashion including a few kings whose subjects grew tired of their failures. [1] Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis. She rides to battle to choose among the slain and brings her chosen to her afterlife field Flkvangr. In the words of historian H.R. The hammer is undoubtedly the most famous weapon in Norse mythology. When it seemed that the building would actually be finished on schedule, the gods threatened Loki with death. The list of which crimes fell into this category varied across the Viking world, but commonly included such dastardly deeds as murder, rape, kidnapping, malevolent sorcery, highway robbery, and ni (pronounced roughly "NEETH"), a ritual curse that often involved an accusation of extreme sexual depravity. He was often depicted as a one-eyed, bearded old man wearing a hat and a cloak, who rode a flying eight-legged horse called Sleipnir. Lest you. An oft-repeated line is that those who die in battle are thought to go to Valhalla, whereas those who die of other, more peaceful causes go to Hel. Older Post 1 836 VOTES Hermes Made Chelone A Tortoise After She Didn't Attend A Wedding Hermes invited all gods, animals, and men to attend the wedding of Hera and Zeus. . Alongside the likes of Odin, Thor and Loki, the powerful female deities in the Norse pantheon were also venerated by the Vikings.Here are four that played an integral role in Norse mythology. This was one curse not made in vain; Domaldis reign was marked by famine and plague. She is beautiful, sensual, wears a feathered cloak, and practices seir. The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Various forms of a creation myth are recounted, where the world is created from the flesh of the primordial being Ymir, and the first two humans are Ask and Embla. They did on occasion look down and check in on the men and giants that roamed the earth. Yggdrasil formed the framework and nourished the nine worlds, or realms, of Norse mythology. Units of time and elements of the cosmology are personified as deities or beings. Those who died at sea not an uncommon way to go in a seafaring culture like that of the Vikings are sometimes, but not always, said to be taken to the underwater abode of the giantess Ran. When the nymph Chelone opted to stay in that night, Hermes threw her and her home into a river, turning her into a tortoise who always had to carry her house on her back. [20] Freyja's brother, the god Freyr, is also frequently mentioned in surviving texts, and in his association with the weather, royalty, human sexuality, and agriculture brings peace and pleasure to humanity. Themes in Old Norse Mythological Art Loki's Punishment The Capture and Binding of Loki Prose at the End of Lokasenna: "After this Loki, in the likeness of a salmon, cast himself into the waterfall of Franangr, where the sir caught him, and bound him with the entrails of his son Nari; but his other son, Narfi, was changed into a wolf. The siblings then sleep together, and Signy gives birth to a son, Sinfjtli, who goes on to help his father/uncle burn Siggeir in his palace and avenge the family. 1968. Its gate faces north, poison drips from its ceiling, and snakes coil on its floor. The tree was fed by three immortal wells. Loki's name thus elicits both positive and negative connotations in Norse mythology. By way of comparative mythology and historical linguistics, scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology. Here are 10 of the most brutal and painful punishments in Greek mythology. Tantalus was favored not only by Zeus, but by many of the other gods. The stories alone are worth being appreciated, based on the epic tales that describe love and romance, war and conflict, family feuds, victories and defeats. The first year of starvation, the Swedish chieftains sacrificed oxen, and when the harvest was still terrible, they offered up human beings the following year. But Norse mythology, with its compelling stories . p. 347. The first was Urd, where the Norns, who guided destiny, dwelled. The sir were considered the main pantheon in Norse mythology and consisted of Odin, the King of the sir, Thor, Frigg, Balder, Hr and Tr. [30] The goddess Rn may claim those that die at sea, and the goddess Gefjon is said to be attended by virgins upon their death. Lest you be left with the impression that the Norse were complete sadsacks, one work, the Vlusp, contains a faint glimmer of hope. All among the Aesir and the Vanir were invited to attend what was certain to be a lavish feastwith two notable exceptions. After killing a dragon, he rode his horse through a ring of fire to discover a sleeping princess - a Valkyrie or War Maiden. Vlusp, stanza 38. Some exhibit the jaundiced eye with which the Norse viewed life and death. The saga corpus consists of thousands of tales recorded in Old Norse ranging from Icelandic family histories (Sagas of Icelanders) to Migration period tales mentioning historic figures such as Attila the Hun (legendary sagas). Skadi then took a large and venomous snake, and placed it above the bound trickster, where its venom began to drip into his eyesleaving him writhing in agony. Norse myths tell of Odins quest for the secrets of the universe. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hell&allowed_in_frame=0. Of course, Loki had not come to the feast with any intention of trying to make amends for his past actions, or behaviour. [7] Texts such as Heimskringla, composed in the 13th century by Snorri and Gesta Danorum, composed in Latin by Saxo Grammaticus in Denmark in the 12th century, are the results of heavy amounts of euhemerization. Popular literature makes Odin the most important of the Norse gods, but in reality he was an unpopular deity and his cult was never widespread beyond poets, shamans and kings. But the afterlife world to which the dead are most commonly portrayed as going is Hel, a world beneath the ground presided over by a goddess who is also named Hel. The Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the Poetic Edda. The main gods are the following: Odin. Who Were the Indo-Europeans and Why Do They Matter. Some of these stories will undoubtedly remain with you long after you close Gaiman's book. A trickster whose games often crossed the line into the malicious, Loki convinced the gods to make a wager with a giant who promised to build them a fortress in a short span of time. He became king when his two older half-brothers murdered their father Visbur, and his stepmother cursed Domaldi with a life of bad luck. And there came the punishment of Loki. They used the intestines of Narfi (Loki's son . Just as they stayed with Gaiman and with countless of generations before him. Domaldi, a legendary Swedish king, did not have a happy life. [13]) But the poem in question (Vlusp) is rife with Christian influence. Jormungand: The Enemy of Thor. [8], Some sources also speak of the dead being reborn in one of their descendants, although never in someone outside of their family line. It was an Odin-inspired trick, however the noose became tight and strong, the reed was magically transformed into a spear, and Vikar, predictably, died at the hands of his best friend. (editors) (2006). The most famous of these dwelling-places of the dead is undoubtedly Valhalla (Old Norse Valhll, the hall of the fallen), the resplendent hall of the god Odin. Loki flew to the North and came into the wastes of Jtunheim. The tree itself has three major roots, and at the base of one of these roots live the Norns, female entities associated with fate. Some scholars interpret this scene as a depiction of an ancient sacrificial rite, where a priestess mated with, and then killed, a victim to ensure a bountiful harvest. Ellis Davidson, There is no consistent picture in Norse literary tradition of the fate of the dead,[1] and to oversimplify the position would be to falsify it.[2] The rational order that people today often naively insist on finding in Viking portrayals of the dead simply isnt there in the sources. As a small, mild-mannered child, he had been given a wolfs heart to eat to toughen him up. 1) Prometheus Prometheus was a titan who was given the task to create mankind by Zeus. Most of the important Norse gods, including Odin, Thor, Frey and Tyr, would fall, and the fire-giant Surt would burn the entire world to ashes, killing virtually everything that lives. Media related to Norse mythology at Wikimedia Commons, For the historical religious tradition belonging to the North Germanic peoples, see, harvp error: no target: CITEREFFaulkes1995 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFaulkes1995 (, Regarding the dsir, valkyries, and figurines (with images), see, List of valkyrie names in Norse mythology, Mythological Norse people, items and places, List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe, Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norse_mythology&oldid=1119616791, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Old Norse Language and How to Learn It, The Swastika Its Ancient Origins and Modern (Mis)use. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings (Tolkien also wrote an epic poem based on the saga, published posthumously as The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun). Unfortunately, Folkvang is mentioned so sparsely in the sources that we today dont have any idea what it was thought to be like. The lines between these various abodes of the dead are quite blurry, and theres no consistent picture of who decides where a particular person goes after death, or how the decision is made. Sure, most people have at least heard of Ragnarok, the great end of all things, and people know that it involves fire and a lot of death. Medea and Jason killed the innocent boy, dismembered him, and tossed the body parts into the sea. Newer Post , Please note, comments must be approved before they are published, You just need place order, we will ship to your address, You can ask any information you want here, 925 Sterling Silver Viking Necklace Pendant, Vegvisir Symbol: May Viking Compass Protect and Guide You, 7 Hilarious Viking Names and Their Origins. Skadi the giantess of ice and frost placed a snake just above the head of Loki. But what goes up, must come down, and Hadding, facing old age and the death of friends, ended his life hanging himself in a grove of sacred trees as a sacrifice to his patron, Odin. In Norse mythology, only the soul continues to the afterlife. The goddess Freya is said to welcome some of the dead into her hall, Folkvang (Old Norse Flkvangr, the field of the people or the field of warriors). At least, that is how the sequence of events seems to play out if you refer to The Poetic Edda. Aasa and Ingjald, realizing that all was lost chose an appropriate exit they set fire to their own hall and died in the flames. Some of the episodes described below reveal uncomfortable truths about the cosmos. [5] Furthermore, the very name Valhll, the hall of the fallen, clearly seems related to the name Valhallr, the rock of the fallen, a title given to certain rocks and hills where the dead were thought to dwell in southern Sweden, one of the greatest historical centers of the worship of Odin. [7] Simek, Rudolf. Let Hela keep what she holds." That crow was the hag Thaukt transformed, and the hag Thaukt was Loki. Yet they weren't only cruel to their rivals. One night, though, Loki noticed movement in the distance and, realising that his pursuers had found him, he immediately fledcasting his half-finished net into the fire taking on the form of a salmon once more, as he dove into the stream. Norse goddesses. And the wolf killed his brother. This hut had only a single room and four doors, one in each wall, so that he could keep watch in any direction, and flee at the first sign of his pursuers. He got punished by Thor when he deliberately cut the hair of Sif - Thor's wife. Loki was not about to let that put him off, though. The majority of these Old Norse texts were created in Iceland, where the oral tradition stemming from the pre-Christian inhabitants of the island was collected and recorded in manuscripts. When they showed up he locked them in and burned the hall, along with everyone inside, to the ground. Original art by Beren Belarus a glossy photo print reproduction, framed and sanctified 8.5 x 11-inch frame 22 x 28 cm The Punishment Of Loki, In which the trickster god is tied with the entrails of his son in the Bowles of Midgard. If the accused was sentenced to be put outside the law, or outlawed, it would be almost as serious as a death sentence. The violence of Loki's thrashing, it was believed, was the reason for earthquakes. They pillaged villages, burned entire cities, and slaughtered their enemies. Loki was punished many times by Norse gods. Next, Narfi's intestines were used to bind Loki to the stonesand, magic was once again used to make his bindings as strong as iron. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Most of the surviving mythology centers on the plights of the gods and their interaction with several other beings, such as humanity and the jtnar, beings who may be friends, lovers, foes, or family members of the gods. For a long time the stories and legends were a spoken tradition in Scandinavia. In addition to this conception of a general underworld, people from particular families and localities are sometimes depicted as remaining together in a particular place close to where they lived while they were alive underneath a specific mountain, for example.[3]. Same things happened in Norse mythology. From this throne he observes all that happens in the nine worlds. During the Viking Age and the Medieval Period, the tales were finally written down. Banishment Exiled into the wilderness To be dishonest or dishonourable was a grave crime among the Vikings and it was punished severely. [17], Central to accounts of Norse mythology are the plights of the gods and their interaction with various other beings, such as with the jtnar, who may be friends, lovers, foes, or family members of the gods. Odin was the King of the sir clan and known as 'the father of all gods'. Fjorgyn - Lover of Odin and mother of Thor. The Myth of Loki The Norse gods spent most of their time in heaven, enjoying the splendor that surrounded them. 1993. He and his siblings, Hel and Fenrir, were born without the knowledge of the gods. [11] Wider comparisons to the mythology of other Indo-European peoples by scholars has resulted in the potential reconstruction of far earlier myths. Prometheus was chained to a stone, and every day an eagle (symbolising Zeus) would feed on it. As the Gods worked to drag the net up and down the stream Loki was, at first, able to avoid detection by hiding himself at the bottom of the stream, among some rocks. Odin practiced seidr, a form of magic considered unmanly, and was the god of frenzy, betrayal and death (in addition to inspiration and wisdom). Forseti - God of Justice. The goddess of fertility, motherhood and prophecy, Frigg was the wife of Odin, and therefore the loftiest of all the female deities.Despite her formidable position, she is arguably . However, there is more information about his pairing with the skiing and hunting goddess Skai. Vlsunga saga is one of the best known of the Old Norse legendary sagas. Together with the Nieblunglied, with which it shares common source materials, it has become the inspiration for such diverse works as Richard Wagners Ring Cycle and J.R.R. She then would punish those people for breaking their oath. [16] One of the surviving poems is the Old English manuscript Beowulf. Son of Balder and Nanna. The Aesir gods named Hoenir and Mimir would come to Vanaheim to live and the Vanir gods named Njord, Freyr, and Freya would come to Asgard. Odin can make the dead speak in order to question the wisest amongst them. "The Punishment of Loki", Louis Huard, 1900. Descended from giants and a favored worshipper of Odin, Starkad was blessed with the lifespan of three ordinary men. Niflheim and Muspelheim are two of the nine realms of Norse folklore. [25] A group of beings variously described as jtnar, thursar, and trolls (in English these are all often glossed as "giants") frequently appear. Frigg. These stories include the theft of Thor's hammer, the binding of Fenrir and other tales about the Aesir. Since he was immortal, his liver would grow back, and the eagle would again come and feed on . Freyja is the most well-known goddess in Norse mythology and in many ways rivals Odin in power. Gylfaginning, chapter 51. In an act of self-sacrifice, Odin is described as having hanged himself upside-down for nine days and nights on the cosmological tree Yggdrasil to gain knowledge of the runic alphabet, which he passed on to humanity, and is associated closely with death, wisdom, and poetry. Svalinn rode with the goddess in the chariot and held a shield between her and the Earth below to prevent the land and the sea being consumed by flames. [29], The afterlife is a complex matter in Norse mythology. The myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism. Lesser known among the eternal punishments is the legend of Tantalus. As the god of mischief, Loki had many banters with his fellow gods and beings in Asgard. In its final lines the poem describes how a new world would arise from the ashes of the old, the surviving gods and men would rebuild their homes and re-discover lost knowledge, and a mysterious mighty lord would arrive to order rules, fix rights, and ordain laws that shall live forever.. But there were two levels of outlaw a semioutlaw would be banished for a period of . [6], The Prose Edda was composed as a prose manual for producing skaldic poetrytraditional Old Norse poetry composed by skalds. Ingjald and his men waited outside to cut down anyone who tried to escape. Numerous creatures live on Yggdrasil, such as the insulting messenger squirrel Ratatoskr and the perching hawk Verflnir. p. 55. The sources are often vague, referencing legendary figures of dubious veracity or mixing up. There is one late Old Norse poem that mentions a place of punishment after death: Nastrond (Old Norse Nstrdr, "shore of corpses"). The religion went into decline around a thousand years ago when Christianity swept through the north of Europe. Today, many people who believe in an afterlife think of it as a reward or punishment for ones moral or ideological choices during life. It captured the hearts and minds of many. The following myth focuses on a punishment Loki received for his mischief. Not so fast. The former is the birthland of the frost giants (the children of Ymir), while the other forged the fire giants, who will play a role in Ragnarok (the fire giant, Surt, stands guard over Muspelheim and will set the world ablaze when the final battle comes). And what do the dead do in Hel or the local variations thereof? The act of sacrifice gave great power to the three brothers, and they proceeded to give life and intelligence to human beings. Advertisement. . Some of the gods heard less of include the apple-bearing goddess Iunn and her husband, the skaldic god Bragi; the gold-toothed god Heimdallr, born of nine mothers; the ancient god Tr, who lost his right hand while binding the great wolf Fenrir; and the goddess Gefjon, who formed modern-day Zealand, Denmark. Sharing his reasoning with the other Gods, Kvasir had a larger net constructedwhich the Gods then took to the nearby stream. The source texts mention numerous gods, such as the hammer-wielding, humanity-protecting thunder-god Thor, who relentlessly fights his foes; the one-eyed, raven-flanked god Odin, who craftily pursues knowledge throughout the worlds and bestowed among humanity the runic alphabet; the beautiful, seir-working, feathered cloak-clad goddess Freyja who rides to battle to choose among the slain; the vengeful, skiing goddess Skai, who prefers the wolf howls of the winter mountains to the seashore; the powerful god Njrr, who may calm both sea and fire and grant wealth and land; the god Freyr, whose weather and farming associations bring peace and pleasure to humanity; the goddess Iunn, who keeps apples that grant eternal youthfulness; the mysterious god Heimdallr, who is born of nine mothers, can hear grass grow, has gold teeth, and possesses a resounding horn; the jtunn's son, the god Loki, who brings tragedy to the gods by engineering the death of the goddess Frigg's beautiful son Baldr; and numerous other deities.
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