Interventions and comparisons: inclusion criteriaany randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the efficacy and safety of either captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, or trandolapril or combined interventions of 2 or more interventions. No significant differences were found among the other comparisons of all the outcomes. Based on the literature review we studied the commonly reported risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspnoea, history of substance use, gender, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), history of smoking, older age, albumin, and D-dimer [9,10,11,12]. Several quality-related characteristics have been described (Sena et al., 2007), such as: (i) published in peer-reviewed journal, (ii) complete statistical reporting, (iii) randomization of treatment or control, (iv) blinded analysis, (v) sample size calculation prior to the experiment, (vi) investigation of a dose-response relationship, and (vii) statement of compliance with regulatory requirements. Electronic databases including Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences (WOS), EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, COVID-19 Research Database (WHO), COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge, and Scopus, were systematically searched till 31 August 2020. Stata 16 was used for statistical analysis. Haidara Almansour Ahmed E. Othman; Recently Published Nov 1 2022. Its emphasis is on understanding the concepts of CFA and interpreting the output rather than a thorough mathematical treatment or a comprehensive list of syntax options in lavaan.For exploratory factor analysis (EFA), please refer to A Practical At first, we used Stata software (version 12.0, StataCorp, College Station, TX) to make traditional pairwise meta-analyses for studies that directly compared different interventions. We have implemented the z-distribution and t-distribution CI estimators into MetaLab. Pain 85, 415424. Cap=captopril, Ena=enalapril, Lin=lisinopril, Pla=placebo, Ram=ramipril, Tra=trandolapril. Eur Respir J. Estimates were also stratified by birth cohort. The corresponding confidence intervals for H2 are. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. 37, 11481157. All reasons for omission must be justified and made transparent by reviewers. BMC Womens Health. Stat. (B) Meta-regression coefficient inter (black) compared to intrastudy regression coefficient intra (red). J Med Virol. The dataset used and analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Similar work could be completed in the United Kingdom by linking to large-scale population-linked electronic health record data, for example, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Steps to avoid data dredging involve defining an a priori analysis plan for study-level covariates, limiting exploratory analysis of rapid review meta-analyses and correcting for multiple comparisons. In this technique, three main components were utilized to assess the quality of the papers such as assessment of the outcome, comparability of the study groups, and selection procedure of the study patients. Methods 13, 3148. Abate S, Checkol Y, Mantedafro B, Basu B, Ethiopia D. Prevalence and risk factors of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. ), University of York, UK. This information is valuable in subsequent exploratory analyses and can provide insight into influential factors through between-study comparison. The choice of a weighting scheme dictates how study-level variances are pooled to estimate the variance of the weighted mean. GGuan W-j, Liang W-h, Zhao Y, Liang H-r, Chen Z-s, Li Y-m, Liu X-q, Chen R-c, Tang C-l, Wang T. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. The term "meta-analysis" was coined in 1976 by the statistician Gene V. Glass, who stated "my major interest currently is in what we have come to call the meta-analysis of research. For each study, the complete dataset which includes parameters required to estimate the target outcome, study characteristics, as well as data necessary for unit conversion needs to be extracted. *Correspondence: Svetlana V. Komarova, svetlana.komarova@mcgill.ca, Innovations in Modeling and Simulation to Advance Translational Science, View all The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (2002). (B) Subgroup analysis of OB [ATP]ic data by differentiation status (immature 0 to 3 day osteoblasts vs. mature 4 to 28 day osteoblasts). When the study only supplied a range of ages, we calculated the mean age by dividing equally the sum of the upper and lower limits; when the study supplied sex-specific ages, we calculated the mean age by using the following formula: (men's mean age the number of men +women's mean age the number of women)/(the total number of patients). Accurate. Ann Med. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The authors thank Systematic Review Solutions Ltd (Nottingham NG72TU, UK) for methodological suggestions and revisions. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1982.1056489, Lorenzetti, D. L., and Ghali, W. A. 2020;146(1):1108. Hong K-H, Choi J-P, Hong S-H, Lee J, Kwon J-S, Kim S-M, Park SY, Rhee J-Y, Kim B-N, Choi HJ. Such a result was also reported [64] in a limited scale meta-analysis study. Sorted by: Variables v11, v12, and v22 define the within-study covariance matrix for each study.. Constant-only model: Multivariate meta-analysis. This yielded an overall median survival of 21.4 years (95% CI 20.8, 22.2) and median survival estimates of 18.1 years (95% CI 17.8, 18.7), 22.9 years (95% CI 22.0, 24.0), and 28.1 years (95% CI 25.1, 30.3) for patients born before 1970, between 1970 and 1990, and after 1990, respectively. K. Abrams has served as a paid consultant to ABPI, AZ, Allergan, Astellas, Amaris, GSK, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Novartis, Congentia, Sanofi, Takeda, NovoNordisk, Abbvie, and BMS. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Life Expectancy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Reproduced Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. Stata is a complete, integrated statistical software package that provides everything you need for data manipulation visualization, statistics, and automated reporting. The term is a bit grand, but it is precise and apt Meta-analysis refers to the analysis of analyses". Thus, 17 articles remained eligible for digitization. Older age has shown increased risk of mortality due to coronavirus and the pooled OR and HR were 2.61 (95% CI 1.753.47) and 1.31 (95% CI 1.111.51), respectively (Table 2 and Fig. Other measures that are more suited for basic science are the normalized mean difference, which expresses the difference between the outcome and baseline as a proportion of the baseline (alternatively called the percentage difference), and response ratio, which reports the outcome as a proportion of the baseline. Read any comments already posted on the article prior to submission. The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose. Study-level outcomes i are synthesized as a weighted mean ^ according to the study-level weights wi: where N is number of studies or datasets. J. Soc. The main differences between conventional linear regression and meta-regression are (i) the incorporation of weights and (ii) covariates are at the level of the study rather than the individual sample. A person cannot become resistant to antibiotics. For these reasons, the best quality evidence comes from evaluating the performance of several independent experimental models. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Accordingly, perhaps it is a high time step up effort to advocate the danger of smoking as well as an intervention to stop smoking to reduce the overall disease burden. Data Availability. A mixed-effect model has been computed keeping into consideration the expected between-study heterogeneity. Risk factors for hospitalization and mortality due to COVID-19 in Esprito Santo State, Brazil. All-cause mortality included pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, complications after surgical intervention for colon cancer during the study, sudden death (reason unknown), stroke, progressive renal insufficiency, and severe heart failure. There are several reference managers available including Mendeley and Rayyan, specifically developed to assist with screening systematic reviews. Timmis AD, Bojanowski LM, Najm YC, et al. Al-Salameh A, Lanoix JP, Bennis Y, Andrejak C, Brochot E, Deschasse G, Dupont H, Goeb V, Jaureguy M, Lion S. Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with and without diabetes. When reviewers aim to estimate the absolute mean difference (absolute effect), normalized mean difference, response ratio or standardized mean difference (ex. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Medline. The search strategy was as follows: (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or novel coronavirus or COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) and (survival or fatal outcome or mortality or death). Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose for iron deficiency anemia in obstetric and gynecologic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. Yicheng Fang Wenbin Ji; 19 Feb 2020. Google Scholar. These results have important clinical implications such as on the clinical management and specific preventive measures of coronavirus patients. Figure 2. Before In many cases, reviewers may only be able to decide on a suitable effect size measure after data extraction is complete. Mortality rates of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continue to rise across the world. Lancet. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Two more were excluded for a potential overlap of patients; in both instances, a larger study was conducted by the same authors in the same location that was eligible for inclusion, so the smaller study was excluded. (2007). Confidence intervals can then be computed using * in place of : Meta-regression attempts to explain heterogeneity by examining the relationship between study-level outcomes and continuous covariates while incorporating the influence of categorical covariates (Figure 10A). The most commonly used measure of precision is the inverse variance which is a composite measure of total variance and sample size, such that studies with larger sample sizes and lower experimental errors are more reliable and more heavily weighed. Resistance is a property of the microbe, not a person or other organism infected by a microbe. Sigurdsson A, Amtorp O, Gundersen T, et al. Basic life science literature is rich with information, however methodically quantitative attempts to organize this information are rare. The .gov means it's official. For HRA many more data need to be collected and the science will benefit in further improvements to the sensitivity of analysis in ongoing work in this field. Psychol. Methodol. Once daily dosing of enalapril in congestive heart failure, Long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: once-daily lisinopril versus twice-daily captopril in mild-to-moderate heart failure. Stata J. In every study, the considered risk factors vary in number and type. doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.103.4.004. 2020;14(4):30310. Funnel plots with Egger weighted regression test were used for assessing publication bias [16]. No restriction was applied on time and language of publications. Additionally, the Qtotal statistic is not a measure of the magnitude of heterogeneity due to its inherent dependence on the number of studies. Likewise, our finding showed a significant association of old age with coronavirus mortality. Sample-size weighting is preferred in cases where variance estimates are unavailable or unreliable. Depending on the purpose of the review product, study-level outcomes i can be expressed as one of several effect size measures. Funnel plots were not performed because the number of included studies in 1 comparison was <10. For MAP, 9 studies (427 patients) with 2 drugs and placebo were included. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Inverse variance weighting schemes are valid when (i) sampling error is random, (ii) the reported effects are homoscedastic, i.e., have equal variance and (iii) the sample size reflects the number of independent experimental observations. 131:22. doi: 10.1242/jcs.223354, Milo, R., Jorgensen, P., Moran, U., Weber, G., and Springer, M. (2010). Res. An intensive and regular follow-up is required to detect early occurrences of clinical conditions. J Infect. Rojas-Osornio SA, Cruz-Hernndez TR, Drago-Serrano ME, Campos-Rodrguez R. Immunity to influenza: impact of obesity. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Data from our studies are mainly available through the UK Data Service. All studies had an unclear risk of bias with regard to selectively in reporting results. Copyright 2021 The Author(s). Med. This study highlights the importance of making the most of available data, an issue particularly pertinent to rare diseases such as DMD. Google Scholar. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. It should be noted that rapid reviews (Figure 8A, left) are far more subject to bias than systematic reviews (Figure 8A, right), due to the increased likelihood of relevant study omission. To validate the performance of the MetaLab Data Extraction Module, we generated figures using 319 synthetic data points plotted with varying markers sizes (Figure 4C). In these cases, data transformation can be used to achieve a normal distribution on the logarithmic scale (i.e., lognormal distribution). Single-study exclusion analysis assesses the sensitivity of the global outcome and heterogeneity to exclusion of single studies. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3546069. When they are not available, we recommend using the DMD mortality statistics provided here or obtaining them through other means (such as a review of relevant records or similar systematic review of mortality rates). A parametric survival model with a piecewise-constant hazard function was estimated with cut points first every 5 years and then every year from age 0 to the maximum observed death. Nicotine Tobacco Res. (B) Extracted data with error terms. We integrated the pre-characterized physical model of super-resolution (SR) microscopy into a deep neural network to guide the denoising of raw images for high-quality SR image reconstruction. Thus, the notion of defining an a priori analysis protocol has to be balanced with the need to assure that the dataset is compatible with the chosen analytic strategy, which may be uncertain prior to data extraction. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.6.3.203, Higgins, J. P. (2008). We have seen from our previous lessons that Statas output of logistic regression contains the log likelihood chi-square and pseudo R-square for the model. Cummings MJ, Baldwin MR, Abrams D, Jacobson SD, Meyer BJ, Balough EM, Aaron JG, Claassen J, Rabbani LE, Hastie J. Radiology. 2018;73(3):2869. Data reporting in basic research are commonly tabular or graphical. Int. Biol. Therefore, the initial stage of sifting through the library to select relevant studies is time-consuming (may take 6 months to 2 years) and prone to human error. We sought to assess the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone camera photoplethysmography (PPG) compared with conventional electrocardiogram (ECG) for AF detection. Methods Med. Importantly, the t-distribution is asymptotically normal and will thus converge to a z-distribution for a sufficiently large number of studies, resulting in similar critical values. The patient, diagnostic, and treatment intervals in adult patients with cancer from high- and lower-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or combination therapy (FLARE): A randomised, double-blind, 2 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial of early antiviral therapy in COVID-19 Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. CAS Evid. SSRN Electron J. Emean, Emedian, Emin, and Emax are mean, median, minimum, and maximum % error respectively. Funnel plot for publication bias of effect of comorbidities, age, smoking status, obesity, acute kidney injury, gender, and D-dimer on fatal outcome of COVID-19. (C) Dependence between ATP release cluster membership and known covariates/characteristics was assessed using Pearson's 2 independence test. Meta-analyses can be a challenging undertaking, requiring tedious screening and statistical understanding. (D) Subgroup analysis of ATP release by recording method. Emphasis is placed on handling heterogeneity that is inherently prevalent in studies that use diverse experimental designs and models. 59, 467477. The site is secure. Chin Med J. 2003;139(9):71523. A comprehensive search is expected to return a large number of studies, many of which are not relevant to the topic, commonly resulting in a specificity of <10% (McGowan and Sampson, 2005). Efficacy and Mechanism of Roxadustat plus Oral Iron in the Treatment of Elderly Chronic Kidney Disease with Anemia. Round markers: subgroup estimates 95% CI, marker sizes are proportional to number of studies per subgroup N. Gray band/diamond: global effect 95% CI. Our research The research we do at CLS covers issues that affect all our lives: education and learning, social mobility, health and wellbeing, families and family life, and ageing. Res. Similarity in the magnitude and sign validates the existence of the relationship and characterizes its strength, while similarity in sign but not the magnitude, still supports the presence of the relationship, but calls for additional experiments to further characterize it. Based Libr. Intrastudy regression analysis The challenge of interpreting results from a meta-regression is that relationships that exist within studies may not necessarily exist across studies, and vice versa. If a study reports a range of sample sizes, reviewers should extract the lowest value. The entire screening and selection process should be reported in a PRISMA diagram, which maps the flow of information throughout the review according to prescribed guidelines published elsewhere (Moher et al., 2009). 2020;15(6):e0235107. General framework of MetaLab. PMC Relevant studies were limited, and the sample size was small; therefore, the discrepancies between direct evidence and network evidence might be due to random error. If the distribution is found deviate from normality, the most common explanations are that (i) the distribution is skewed due to inconsistencies between studies, (ii) subpopulations exist within the dataset giving rise to multimodal distributions or (iii) the studied phenomenon is not normally distributed. Barendregt, J., and Doi, S. (2009). S8). doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4002, Sterne, J. Both captopril (OR 76.2, 95%CrI 1.56149.3) and enalapril (274.4, 2.4512.9) were associated with a higher incidence of cough compared to placebo. N Engl J Med. Both authors extracted the following data: the first authors name, countries, assessment methods, sample size, study design, the publication year, demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, etc. However, the availability of reported effect measures and study designs will often influence this decision. ZGD designed the study, extracted and analyzed the data, and wrote the article. K. Abrams is a standing member of the NICE Diagnostics Advisory Committee. (1982). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The total follow-up time was 40,274 patient-years with a maximum age of 44.4 years. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Moreover, conventional clustering methods always converge to a result, therefore the data will still be partitioned even in the absence of natural data groupings. Model parameters were estimated for each set of sampled data. Stata Press, College Station, TX. All of the analyses were implemented with the statistical softwares R-4.0.2 and STATA version 16, to estimate the pooled odds ratio and to investigate publication bias. Learn more Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, ODonnell L, Chernyak Y, Tobin KA, Cerfolio RJ, Francois F, Horwitz LI. PubMed Central Comparison of global effect estimates using different weighting schemes. A comparison of methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. Rev Assoc Med Bras. In other words, the sickest patients who die before being recruited to a study are ignored, so the population analyzed may be slightly healthier than the true underlying DMD population. J. Med. A., Sutton, A. J., Ioannidis, J. P., Terrin, N., Jones, D. R., Lau, J., et al. JAMA. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3, https://www.WHOInt/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200221-sitrep-32-covid.2020;19, https://covid19-country-overviews.ecdc.europa.eu/, http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.htm, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2021;93(2):90715. These can be used in future natural history or economic modeling of DMD. Known covariates/characteristics was assessed by pooled odds ratios [ 53,54,55 ] ( Table 2 ) represented systematic reviews and protocols Sharma p, Anikhindi SA, Bansal N, Shehi E, Kassim G, M! Jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations is available from the curves were pooled bias [ 13 291296.! Sena, E. D. 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Are temporarily unavailable a weighting scheme dictates how study-level variances are reliably reported, sample-size weights should correlate Qiinf of each study to heterogeneity on the Purpose of a subset of the comparisons shown. Conducted by further stratifying method a and method of DerSimonian and Laird, N. T. 2015, indicating that proportional hazards was an appropriate assumption be constructed by first binning studies according to precision. Analysis were adopted: a systematic review and meta-analysis, the random effects model and method subgroups The possible factors that affects COVID-19 mortality in multiple studies published by Wolters Kluwer,. Table2 and Fig least effective each birth cohort is presented in Table 4 website work better IOE_London @?
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